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protocol-di-testing

Testing & Quality
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Use when testing Swift code that depends on file system, network, or external APIs via protocol-based dependency injection.

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Protocol Composition for Testable Dependency Injection

テスト可能な依存性注入のためのプロトコル合成

Extracted / 抽出日: 2026-02-05 Context / コンテキスト: Swift apps requiring testable architecture with file system, network, or external dependencies ファイルシステム、ネットワーク、または外部依存関係を持つテスト可能なアーキテクチャが必要なSwiftアプリ


Problem / 課題

Code that directly accesses file system, iCloud, network, or other external resources is hard to test. You need to:

  • Test without real file I/O
  • Simulate error conditions
  • Verify interactions without side effects

ファイルシステム、iCloud、ネットワーク、その他の外部リソースに直接アクセスするコードはテストが困難。以下が必要:

  • 実際のファイルI/Oなしでテスト
  • エラー条件のシミュレート
  • 副作用なしでインタラクションを検証

Solution / 解決策

Define small, focused protocols for each external dependency. Create default implementations for production and mock implementations for testing.

外部依存関係ごとに小さく焦点を絞ったプロトコルを定義。本番用のデフォルト実装とテスト用のモック実装を作成。

1. Define Protocols / プロトコルの定義

// Protocol for file system access / ファイルシステムアクセス用プロトコル
public protocol FileSystemProviding: Sendable {
    func containerURL(for purpose: Purpose) -> URL?
}

// Protocol for file read/write / ファイル読み書き用プロトコル
public protocol FileAccessorProviding: Sendable {
    func read(from url: URL) throws -> Data
    func write(_ data: Data, to url: URL) throws
    func fileExists(at url: URL) -> Bool
}

// Protocol for bookmark storage / ブックマーク保存用プロトコル
public protocol BookmarkStorageProviding: Sendable {
    func saveBookmark(_ data: Data, for key: String) throws
    func loadBookmark(for key: String) throws -> Data?
}

2. Create Default Implementations / デフォルト実装の作成

public struct DefaultFileSystemProvider: FileSystemProviding {
    public init() {}

    public func containerURL(for purpose: Purpose) -> URL? {
        FileManager.default.url(forUbiquityContainerIdentifier: nil)
    }
}

public struct DefaultFileAccessor: FileAccessorProviding {
    public init() {}

    public func read(from url: URL) throws -> Data {
        try Data(contentsOf: url)
    }

    public func write(_ data: Data, to url: URL) throws {
        try data.write(to: url, options: .atomic)
    }

    public func fileExists(at url: URL) -> Bool {
        FileManager.default.fileExists(atPath: url.path)
    }
}

3. Create Mock Implementations / モック実装の作成

public final class MockFileAccessor: FileAccessorProviding, @unchecked Sendable {
    public var files: [URL: Data] = [:]
    public var readError: Error?
    public var writeError: Error?

    public init() {}

    public func read(from url: URL) throws -> Data {
        if let error = readError { throw error }
        guard let data = files[url] else {
            throw CocoaError(.fileReadNoSuchFile)
        }
        return data
    }

    public func write(_ data: Data, to url: URL) throws {
        if let error = writeError { throw error }
        files[url] = data
    }

    public func fileExists(at url: URL) -> Bool {
        files[url] != nil
    }
}

4. Inject Dependencies / 依存性の注入

public actor SyncManager {
    private let fileSystem: FileSystemProviding
    private let fileAccessor: FileAccessorProviding

    public init(
        fileSystem: FileSystemProviding = DefaultFileSystemProvider(),
        fileAccessor: FileAccessorProviding = DefaultFileAccessor()
    ) {
        self.fileSystem = fileSystem
        self.fileAccessor = fileAccessor
    }

    public func sync() async throws {
        guard let containerURL = fileSystem.containerURL(for: .sync) else {
            throw SyncError.containerNotAvailable
        }
        let data = try fileAccessor.read(from: containerURL.appendingPathComponent("data.json"))
        // ... process data
    }
}

5. Test with Mocks / モックを使ったテスト

@Test("Sync manager handles missing container")
@Test("コンテナが見つからない場合の処理")
func testMissingContainer() async {
    let mockFileSystem = MockFileSystemProvider(containerURL: nil)
    let manager = SyncManager(fileSystem: mockFileSystem)

    await #expect(throws: SyncError.containerNotAvailable) {
        try await manager.sync()
    }
}

@Test("Sync manager reads data correctly")
@Test("データを正しく読み込む")
func testReadData() async throws {
    let mockFileAccessor = MockFileAccessor()
    mockFileAccessor.files[testURL] = testData

    let manager = SyncManager(fileAccessor: mockFileAccessor)
    let result = try await manager.loadData()

    #expect(result == expectedData)
}

Key Principles / 主要原則

  1. Single Responsibility / 単一責任: Each protocol handles one concern / 各プロトコルは1つの関心事を処理
  2. Default Parameters / デフォルトパラメータ: Production code uses defaults, tests inject mocks / 本番コードはデフォルトを使用、テストはモックを注入
  3. Sendable Conformance / Sendable準拠: Required for actor isolation / actor分離に必要
  4. Error Simulation / エラーシミュレーション: Mocks can throw configurable errors / モックは設定可能なエラーをスロー可能

When to Use / 使用すべき場面

  • Any code that touches file system, network, or external APIs / ファイルシステム、ネットワーク、外部APIにアクセスするコード
  • When you need to test error handling paths / エラーハンドリングパスをテストする必要がある場合
  • When you want deterministic tests without I/O / I/Oなしで決定論的なテストが必要な場合
  • Building modules that need to work in different environments (app, test, preview) / 異なる環境(アプリ、テスト、プレビュー)で動作する必要があるモジュールを構築する場合

Anti-Patterns to Avoid / 避けるべきアンチパターン

  • Don't create god protocols with many methods / 多くのメソッドを持つ神プロトコルを作らない
  • Don't mock internal types - only external boundaries / 内部型をモックしない - 外部境界のみ
  • Don't over-engineer: if a class has no external dependencies, no protocol needed / 過剰設計しない:外部依存がないクラスにはプロトコル不要