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Use when creating data visualizations for papers - generates publication-quality plots with top-journal color schemes

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Python 数据图表

本技能指导使用 Python 生成科研论文级别的数据图表。

Checklist

  • 确认 conda 环境已激活(research)
  • 确认图表类型和数据
  • 记录数据清单(data manifest)
  • 若使用 mock/synthetic 数据,明确标注为 planning data
  • 使用顶刊配色方案
  • 设置 450 DPI 分辨率
  • 同时输出 PNG 和 SVG
  • 检查中文字体显示
  • 保存到 figures/ 目录

一、环境要求

1.1 conda 环境

默认环境名:research

激活命令:

conda activate research

必需库:

pip install matplotlib seaborn numpy pandas

如环境未配置,调用 environment-setup 技能。

二、图表规范

2.0 数据清单与 mock 数据边界

任何数据图都必须先有数据文件和数据清单(data manifest)。默认路径:

figures/data-manifest.md
figures/data/<figure-name>.csv
figures/<section>/<figure-name>.py
figures/<section>/<figure-name>.png
figures/<section>/<figure-name>.svg

figures/data-manifest.md 至少记录:

FigureData fileReal/mockSourceScriptOutputs

mock 或 synthetic 数据只允许用于规划版图表。文件名必须以 mock_ 或 synthetic_ 开头,并在图表、表格或章节草稿中保留 [待真实实验替换]。不得把 mock 数据写成“实验结果表明”。

2.1 分辨率要求

用途DPI说明
期刊投稿300-600大多数期刊要求
顶刊投稿450+Nature/Science等
屏幕展示150PPT/网页

本技能默认使用 450 DPI

2.2 输出格式

每张图同时输出两种格式:

  • PNG:位图,适合网页和PPT
  • SVG:矢量图,适合期刊投稿

2.3 图表尺寸

类型宽度(英寸)适用场景
单栏图3.5期刊单栏
双栏图7.0期刊双栏/全宽
PPT图10.0演示文稿

三、顶刊配色方案

3.1 Nature/Science 风格

NATURE_COLORS = ['#2E86AB', '#A23B72', '#F18F01', '#C73E1D', '#95C623']

3.2 Cell 风格

CELL_COLORS = ['#4E79A7', '#F28E2B', '#E15759', '#76B7B2', '#59A14F', '#EDC948']

3.3 色盲友好配色

COLORBLIND_SAFE = ['#0077BB', '#33BBEE', '#009988', '#EE7733', '#CC3311', '#EE3377']

3.4 配色原则

  • ❌ 禁止使用 matplotlib 默认颜色
  • ❌ 禁止使用纯红、纯蓝、纯绿等基础色
  • ✅ 同一图中颜色数量控制在 5 种以内
  • ✅ 确保色盲友好

四、代码模板

"""
Figure X: [图表标题]
论文章节: [所属章节]
"""

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.font_manager as fm
from pathlib import Path

# 中文字体配置
CHINESE_FONT = None
font_candidates = [
    '/System/Library/Fonts/STHeiti Light.ttc',
    '/System/Library/Fonts/PingFang.ttc',
]
for fp in font_candidates:
    if Path(fp).exists():
        CHINESE_FONT = fm.FontProperties(fname=fp)
        break

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

# 顶刊配色
COLORS = ['#4E79A7', '#F28E2B', '#E15759', '#76B7B2', '#59A14F']

def setup_plot_style():
    plt.rcParams.update({
        'font.size': 10,
        'axes.titlesize': 12,
        'axes.labelsize': 10,
        'axes.spines.top': False,
        'axes.spines.right': False,
        'axes.grid': True,
        'grid.alpha': 0.3,
        'legend.frameon': False,
        'savefig.dpi': 450,
        'savefig.bbox': 'tight',
    })

def main():
    setup_plot_style()
    
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 5))
    
    # === 绑定代码 ===
    x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
    ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), color=COLORS[0], label='Model A')
    ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), color=COLORS[1], label='Model B')
    
    if CHINESE_FONT:
        ax.set_xlabel('时间 (s)', fontproperties=CHINESE_FONT)
        ax.set_ylabel('幅值', fontproperties=CHINESE_FONT)
    else:
        ax.set_xlabel('Time (s)')
        ax.set_ylabel('Amplitude')
    
    ax.legend()
    # === 绑定代码结束 ===
    
    # 保存
    output_dir = Path(__file__).parent
    fig_name = Path(__file__).stem
    plt.savefig(output_dir / f'{fig_name}.png', dpi=450)
    plt.savefig(output_dir / f'{fig_name}.svg')
    plt.show()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

五、常用图表类型

折线图

ax.plot(x, y, color=COLORS[0], linewidth=1.5, marker='o', markersize=4)

柱状图

ax.bar(x_pos, values, color=COLORS[:len(values)], edgecolor='white')

热力图

im = ax.imshow(matrix, cmap='RdBu_r', aspect='auto')
plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax)

箱线图

bp = ax.boxplot(data_list, patch_artist=True)
for patch, color in zip(bp['boxes'], COLORS):
    patch.set_facecolor(color)

散点图

ax.scatter(x, y, c=colors, s=sizes, alpha=0.6, cmap='viridis')

六、文件管理

目录结构

figures/
├── chapter1/
│   ├── fig1_overview.py
│   ├── fig1_overview.png
│   └── fig1_overview.svg
├── chapter2/
└── chapter3/

命名规范

  • 文件名格式:fig{序号}_{描述}.py
  • 示例:fig1_model_architecture.py

七、质量检查

图表内容

  • 数据准确无误
  • 坐标轴标签完整(含单位)
  • 图例清晰可读

视觉效果

  • 使用顶刊配色
  • 分辨率达到 450 DPI
  • 字体大小适中

文件输出

  • PNG 格式已生成
  • SVG 格式已生成
  • 文件命名规范

八、常见问题

Q1:中文显示为方块

from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties
font = FontProperties(fname='/System/Library/Fonts/STHeiti Light.ttc')
ax.set_xlabel('中文标签', fontproperties=font)

Q2:图片模糊

plt.savefig('figure.png', dpi=450, bbox_inches='tight')

Q3:图例遮挡数据

ax.legend(loc='upper left', bbox_to_anchor=(1.02, 1))