ad-security

DevOps & Security

Active Directory security testing and attack techniques

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Active Directory Security Testing

Credential Access Techniques

ID	Technique	Tool	Description
CA-01	Kerberoasting	GetUserSPNs.py, Rubeus	Request TGS for service accounts
CA-02	AS-REP Roasting	GetNPUsers.py, Rubeus	Attack accounts without preauth
CA-03	DCSync	secretsdump.py, Mimikatz	Replicate DC credentials
CA-04	LSASS Dump	Mimikatz, ProcDump	Extract credentials from memory
CA-05	SAM/SYSTEM Dump	secretsdump.py	Extract local credentials
CA-06	NTDS.dit Extraction	secretsdump.py	Offline DC credential dump
CA-07	Cached Credentials	Mimikatz	Extract cached domain creds
CA-08	DPAPI Secrets	Mimikatz, SharpDPAPI	Decrypt protected data
CA-09	Credential Vault	Mimikatz	Windows credential manager
CA-10	Browser Credentials	SharpChromium	Chrome/Edge saved passwords
CA-11	LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning	Responder	Capture NTLMv2 hashes
CA-12	NTLM Relay	ntlmrelayx.py	Relay captured authentication
CA-13	Password Spraying	Spray, Kerbrute	Test common passwords
CA-14	GPP Passwords	Get-GPPPassword	Decrypt Group Policy preferences

Privilege Escalation Techniques

ID	Technique	Tool	Description
PE-01	ACL Abuse	BloodHound, PowerView	WriteDACL, GenericAll abuse
PE-02	GPO Abuse	SharpGPOAbuse	Modify group policy
PE-03	AD CS ESC1	Certipy	Template allows user SAN
PE-04	AD CS ESC2	Certipy	Any purpose EKU
PE-05	AD CS ESC3	Certipy	Enrollment agent abuse
PE-06	AD CS ESC4	Certipy	Template ACL abuse
PE-07	AD CS ESC5	Certipy	PKI object access control
PE-08	AD CS ESC6	Certipy	EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2
PE-09	AD CS ESC7	Certipy	CA ACL abuse
PE-10	AD CS ESC8	Certipy	NTLM relay to HTTP enrollment
PE-11	Constrained Delegation	Rubeus, getST.py	S4U2Self/S4U2Proxy abuse
PE-12	Resource-Based Constrained Delegation	Rubeus	msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity

Lateral Movement Techniques

ID	Technique	Tool	Description
LM-01	Pass-the-Hash	Mimikatz, pth-winexe	Authenticate with NTLM hash
LM-02	Pass-the-Ticket	Rubeus, Mimikatz	Inject Kerberos tickets
LM-03	Overpass-the-Hash	Rubeus	Request TGT with NTLM hash
LM-04	PSExec	Impacket, Sysinternals	Remote execution via SMB
LM-05	WMI Execution	wmiexec.py	Execute commands via WMI
LM-06	DCOM Execution	dcomexec.py	Distributed COM abuse
LM-07	WinRM	evil-winrm	PowerShell remoting
LM-08	RDP Hijacking	tscon.exe	Take over disconnected sessions
LM-09	SMB Relay	ntlmrelayx.py	Relay auth to other hosts
LM-10	SSH (Linux)	ssh	Lateral to Linux systems

Persistence Techniques

ID	Technique	Tool	Description
PS-01	Golden Ticket	Mimikatz, ticketer.py	Forge TGT with KRBTGT hash
PS-02	Silver Ticket	Mimikatz, ticketer.py	Forge TGS for specific service
PS-03	Diamond Ticket	Rubeus	Modify legitimate TGT
PS-04	Skeleton Key	Mimikatz	Master password on DC
PS-05	AdminSDHolder	PowerView	Persistent admin rights
PS-06	DCShadow	Mimikatz	Rogue domain controller
PS-07	SID History	Mimikatz	Add privileged SID to history
PS-08	Machine Account	Powermad	Add computer to domain

Enumeration Commands

BloodHound Collection

# SharpHound (Windows)
SharpHound.exe -c All --zipfilename bloodhound.zip

# BloodHound.py (Linux)
bloodhound-python -d domain.local -u user -p pass -ns 10.0.0.1 -c all

# NetExec BloodHound
nxc ldap 10.0.0.1 -u user -p pass --bloodhound --collection All

LDAP Enumeration

# Get domain info
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://10.0.0.1 -D "user@domain.local" -w 'pass' -b "DC=domain,DC=local"

# Find users with SPN (Kerberoastable)
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://10.0.0.1 -D "user@domain.local" -w 'pass' \
  -b "DC=domain,DC=local" "(&(objectClass=user)(servicePrincipalName=*))" sAMAccountName

# Find users without preauth (AS-REP Roastable)
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://10.0.0.1 -D "user@domain.local" -w 'pass' \
  -b "DC=domain,DC=local" "(&(objectClass=user)(userAccountControl:1.2.840.113556.1.4.803:=4194304))"

NetExec Commands

# Enumerate users
nxc smb 10.0.0.1 -u user -p pass --users

# Enumerate groups
nxc smb 10.0.0.1 -u user -p pass --groups

# Find shares
nxc smb 10.0.0.1 -u user -p pass --shares

# Check for admin access
nxc smb 10.0.0.0/24 -u user -p pass

# Password spray
nxc smb 10.0.0.1 -u users.txt -p 'Spring2024!' --no-bruteforce

Attack Paths

Path 1: Domain User to Domain Admin

User Credential
    │
    ├─► Kerberoast SPN accounts
    │   └─► Crack service account password
    │       └─► Service account is Domain Admin
    │
    ├─► BloodHound Path Finding
    │   └─► ACL chain to DA group
    │       └─► WriteDACL → GenericAll → Add to DA
    │
    └─► AD CS Misconfiguration
        └─► ESC1: Request cert as DA
            └─► Authenticate as DA

Path 2: Compromised Workstation to DC

Local Admin on Workstation
    │
    ├─► LSASS dump → cached domain creds
    │   └─► Domain user credential
    │       └─► Continue as Path 1
    │
    ├─► Find admin sessions
    │   └─► Lateral move to server
    │       └─► Dump DA credentials
    │
    └─► Unconstrained Delegation
        └─► Coerce DC authentication
            └─► Capture TGT → DCSync

Important Impacket Tools

Tool	Purpose
GetUserSPNs.py	Kerberoasting
GetNPUsers.py	AS-REP Roasting
secretsdump.py	Dump secrets (DCSync, SAM, LSA)
smbexec.py	SMB-based execution
wmiexec.py	WMI-based execution
psexec.py	PSExec-style execution
ntlmrelayx.py	NTLM relay attacks
getST.py	Request service tickets
ticketer.py	Create Golden/Silver tickets
lookupsid.py	SID enumeration
samrdump.py	SAM Remote interface dump

Detection Evasion Considerations

Action	Detection	Evasion
Kerberoasting	4769 events (RC4)	Use AES encryption
DCSync	4662 events	Time-based, limit frequency
Pass-the-Hash	4624 Type 3 with NTLM	Overpass-the-Hash (Kerberos)
BloodHound	LDAP queries	Reduce collection scope
Mimikatz	AV signatures	BOF, custom tools