TypeScript Type Definition
Development生成和管理 TypeScript 类型定义,确保类型安全
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TypeScript Type Definition Skill
自动生成和管理 TypeScript 类型定义。
何时使用
处理以下场景时自动激活:
- 定义数据结构类型
- API 响应类型
- 组件 Props 类型
- Supabase 数据库类型
- 工具函数类型
项目类型结构
类型文件位置
src/
├── types/
│ ├── database.ts # Supabase 数据库类型
│ ├── report.ts # 报告相关类型
│ ├── student.ts # 学生相关类型
│ ├── exam.ts # 考试相关类型
│ └── common.ts # 通用类型
├── integrations/
│ └── supabase/
│ └── types.ts # Supabase 自动生成类型
类型定义规范
基础接口
// 使用 interface 定义对象结构
export interface Student {
id: string;
student_id: string;
name: string;
class_id?: string;
created_at: string;
}
// 使用 type 定义联合类型或复杂类型
export type UserRole = 'admin' | 'teacher' | 'student';
export type ExamType = 'midterm' | 'final' | 'quiz' | 'homework';
API 响应类型
// API 成功响应
export interface ApiResponse<T> {
data: T;
success: boolean;
message?: string;
}
// API 错误响应
export interface ApiError {
error: string;
code?: string;
details?: unknown;
}
// 使用示例
export type StudentResponse = ApiResponse<Student[]>;
组件 Props 类型
// 基础 Props
export interface ComponentProps {
className?: string;
children?: React.ReactNode;
}
// 扩展 Props
export interface StudentCardProps extends ComponentProps {
student: Student;
onEdit?: (student: Student) => void;
onDelete?: (id: string) => void;
}
表单数据类型
// 输入表单
export interface StudentFormData {
student_id: string;
name: string;
class_id: string;
contact_email?: string;
}
// 与数据库类型转换
export type StudentInput = Omit<Student, 'id' | 'created_at'>;
export type StudentUpdate = Partial<StudentInput>;
枚举类型
// 使用 const enum 提高性能
export const enum ExamStatus {
Draft = 'draft',
Published = 'published',
Completed = 'completed',
Archived = 'archived',
}
// 或使用 const object + type
export const GRADE_LEVELS = {
A: 'A',
B: 'B',
C: 'C',
D: 'D',
E: 'E',
} as const;
export type GradeLevel = typeof GRADE_LEVELS[keyof typeof GRADE_LEVELS];
Supabase 类型生成
自动生成数据库类型
# 生成 Supabase 类型
npx supabase gen types typescript --project-id giluhqotfjpmofowvogn > src/integrations/supabase/types.ts
使用 Supabase 类型
import { Database } from '@/integrations/supabase/types';
// 提取表类型
export type Student = Database['public']['Tables']['students']['Row'];
export type StudentInsert = Database['public']['Tables']['students']['Insert'];
export type StudentUpdate = Database['public']['Tables']['students']['Update'];
实用工具类型
常用工具类型
// 可选字段
export type Optional<T, K extends keyof T> = Omit<T, K> & Partial<Pick<T, K>>;
// 必需字段
export type Required<T, K extends keyof T> = Omit<T, K> & Required<Pick<T, K>>;
// 只读
export type DeepReadonly<T> = {
readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P] extends object ? DeepReadonly<T[P]> : T[P];
};
// 提取数组元素类型
export type ArrayElement<T> = T extends (infer E)[] ? E : never;
项目特定工具类型
// 分页响应
export interface PaginatedResponse<T> {
data: T[];
total: number;
page: number;
pageSize: number;
hasMore: boolean;
}
// 排序参数
export interface SortOptions {
field: string;
direction: 'asc' | 'desc';
}
// 过滤参数
export interface FilterOptions {
[key: string]: string | number | boolean | null;
}
类型守卫
实现类型守卫
// 基础类型守卫
export function isStudent(obj: unknown): obj is Student {
return (
typeof obj === 'object' &&
obj !== null &&
'id' in obj &&
'name' in obj &&
'student_id' in obj
);
}
// 数组类型守卫
export function isStudentArray(arr: unknown): arr is Student[] {
return Array.isArray(arr) && arr.every(isStudent);
}
// 联合类型窄化
export function isAdminRole(role: UserRole): role is 'admin' {
return role === 'admin';
}
泛型使用
泛型函数
// API 请求泛型
export async function fetchData<T>(url: string): Promise<T> {
const response = await fetch(url);
return response.json() as Promise<T>;
}
// 使用
const students = await fetchData<Student[]>('/api/students');
泛型组件 Props
export interface SelectProps<T> {
options: T[];
value: T;
onChange: (value: T) => void;
getLabel: (item: T) => string;
getValue: (item: T) => string;
}
export function Select<T>({ options, value, onChange, getLabel, getValue }: SelectProps<T>) {
// 组件实现
}
最佳实践
- 优先使用 interface: 对象结构使用 interface,联合类型使用 type
- 避免 any: 使用 unknown 代替 any,然后进行类型守卫
- 导出类型: 所有公共类型都应该导出
- 类型复用: 使用工具类型避免重复定义
- 文档注释: 复杂类型添加 JSDoc 注释
示例:完整类型定义文件
/**
* 📊 成绩相关类型定义
*/
import { Database } from '@/integrations/supabase/types';
// 基础类型
export type GradeData = Database['public']['Tables']['grade_data']['Row'];
export type GradeDataInsert = Database['public']['Tables']['grade_data']['Insert'];
// 科目类型
export const SUBJECTS = ['chinese', 'math', 'english', 'physics', 'chemistry'] as const;
export type Subject = typeof SUBJECTS[number];
// 成绩统计
export interface GradeStatistics {
average: number;
median: number;
max: number;
min: number;
standardDeviation: number;
}
// 学生成绩概览
export interface StudentGradeOverview {
student_id: string;
student_name: string;
grades: Record<Subject, number>;
total_score: number;
rank_in_class: number;
}
// API 响应
export type GradeListResponse = ApiResponse<GradeData[]>;
export type GradeStatisticsResponse = ApiResponse<GradeStatistics>;
// 类型守卫
export function isValidSubject(subject: string): subject is Subject {
return SUBJECTS.includes(subject as Subject);
}
注意事项
- 定期运行
npm run typecheck检查类型错误 - 使用
strict模式确保类型安全 - 避免过度使用类型断言(as)
- 复杂类型拆分为多个小类型