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rust-concurrency

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并发与异步专家。处理 Send, Sync, thread, async, await, tokio, channel, Mutex, deadlock, race condition, 并发, 异步, 死锁等问题。触发词:thread, spawn, channel, mpsc, Mutex, RwLock, Atomic, async, await, Future, tokio, deadlock, race condition

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并发与异步专家

核心问题

数据如何在线程间安全传递?

这是并发的本质。Rust 的类型系统在这里发挥最大威力。


并发 vs 异步

维度并发 (thread)异步 (async)
内存每个线程有独立栈单线程复用
阻塞阻塞 OS 线程不阻塞,yield
适用CPU 密集型I/O 密集型
复杂度简单直接需要运行时

Send/Sync 快速判断

Send - 可以在线程间转移所有权

基本类型 → 自动 Send
包含引用 → 自动 Send
Raw pointer → 非 Send
Rc → 非 Send(引用计数非原子)

Sync - 可以在线程间共享引用

&T where T: Sync → 自动 Sync
RefCell → 非 Sync(运行时检查非线程安全)
MutexGuard → 非 Sync(未实现)

常见模式

1. 共享可变状态

use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

let counter = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let mut handles = vec![];

for _ in 0..10 {
    let counter = Arc::clone(&counter);
    let handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
        let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap();
        *num += 1;
    });
    handles.push(handle);
}

for handle in handles {
    handle.join().unwrap();
}

2. 消息传递

use std::sync::mpsc;

let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();

thread::spawn(move || {
    tx.send("hello").unwrap();
});

println!("{}", rx.recv().unwrap());

3. 异步运行时

use tokio;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let handle = tokio::spawn(async {
        // 异步任务
    });
    
    handle.await.unwrap();
}

常见错误与解决

错误原因解决
E0277 Send not satisfied包含非 Send 类型检查所有字段
E0277 Sync not satisfied共享引用类型非 Sync用 Mutex/RwLock 包装
Deadlock锁顺序不一致统一加锁顺序
MutexGuard across await锁持有时挂起缩小锁的作用域

性能考量

  • 锁的粒度要细(锁住必要部分,不是整个数据结构)
  • 读写锁适合读多写少场景
  • 原子操作比锁更轻量,但只适合简单操作
  • 消息传递避免共享状态,但有复制开销