charts-3d

3D Charts with Swift Charts

Create 3D data visualizations using Chart3D and SurfacePlot. Covers math-driven surfaces, data-driven surfaces, interactive camera pose control, surface styling, and camera projection modes.

When This Skill Activates

Use this skill when the user:

• Wants to create a 3D chart or 3D data visualization
• Asks about Chart3D, SurfacePlot, or 3D surface plots
• Needs to visualize a mathematical function as a 3D surface
• Wants interactive drag-to-rotate on a 3D chart
• Asks about 3D chart camera angles, pose, or projection
• Needs to style 3D surfaces with gradients or height-based coloring
• Wants to render multiple surfaces in a single 3D chart
• Asks about data-driven 3D plots from an array of points
• Needs the 2D Swift Charts API layer: marks, axes, series styling, selection, SectorMark pies/donuts, or scrollable charts

Decision Tree

What 3D chart feature do you need?
|
+-- Visualize a math function f(x, y) -> z
|   +-- Use SurfacePlot(x:y:z:function:)
|
+-- Visualize data points as a surface
|   +-- Use Chart3D(data) { point in SurfacePlot(...) }
|
+-- Interactive drag-to-rotate
|   +-- Bind pose: .chart3DPose($pose) with @State var pose: Chart3DPose
|
+-- Fixed viewing angle (no interaction)
|   +-- Read-only pose: .chart3DPose(Chart3DPose.front) or custom
|
+-- Style the surface color
|   +-- Solid color -> .foregroundStyle(Color.blue)
|   +-- Gradient -> .foregroundStyle(LinearGradient(...))
|   +-- Height-based -> .foregroundStyle(.heightBased(gradient, yRange:))
|   +-- Normal-based -> .foregroundStyle(.normalBased)
|
+-- Camera projection
|   +-- Perspective (depth) -> .chart3DCameraProjection(.perspective)
|   +-- Orthographic (flat) -> .chart3DCameraProjection(.orthographic)
|   +-- System default -> .chart3DCameraProjection(.automatic)
|
+-- Multiple surfaces in one chart
    +-- Place multiple SurfacePlot calls inside a single Chart3D { }

API Availability

Quick Start

Math-Driven Surface

Render a surface from a function f(x, y) -> z:

import SwiftUI
import Charts

struct WaveSurfaceView: View {
    var body: some View {
        Chart3D {
            SurfacePlot(
                x: "X",
                y: "Height",
                z: "Z",
                function: { x, z in
                    sin(x) * cos(z)
                }
            )
            .foregroundStyle(.blue)
        }
    }
}

Data-Driven Surface

Render a surface from an array of data points:

import SwiftUI
import Charts

struct DataPoint: Identifiable {
    let id = UUID()
    let x: Double
    let y: Double
    let z: Double
}

struct DataSurfaceView: View {
    let points: [DataPoint]

    var body: some View {
        Chart3D(points) { point in
            SurfacePlot(
                x: .value("X", point.x),
                y: .value("Height", point.y),
                z: .value("Z", point.z)
            )
        }
    }
}

Interactive Rotation

Allow the user to drag to rotate the chart:

import SwiftUI
import Charts

struct InteractiveChartView: View {
    @State private var pose = Chart3DPose.default

    var body: some View {
        Chart3D {
            SurfacePlot(
                x: "X",
                y: "Height",
                z: "Z",
                function: { x, z in
                    sin(x) * cos(z)
                }
            )
            .foregroundStyle(.blue)
        }
        .chart3DPose($pose)
    }
}

Surface Styling Patterns

Solid Color

SurfacePlot(x: "X", y: "Y", z: "Z", function: { x, z in x * z })
    .foregroundStyle(.blue)

Linear Gradient

SurfacePlot(x: "X", y: "Y", z: "Z", function: { x, z in x * z })
    .foregroundStyle(
        LinearGradient(
            colors: [.blue, .green, .yellow],
            startPoint: .bottom,
            endPoint: .top
        )
    )

Height-Based Surface Style

Color the surface based on height values, mapping a gradient across the y-axis range:

SurfacePlot(x: "X", y: "Y", z: "Z", function: { x, z in sin(x) * cos(z) })
    .foregroundStyle(
        Chart3DSurfaceStyle.heightBased(
            Gradient(colors: [.blue, .cyan, .green, .yellow, .red]),
            yRange: -1...1
        )
    )

Normal-Based Surface Style

Color based on surface normals, giving a lighting-aware appearance:

SurfacePlot(x: "X", y: "Y", z: "Z", function: { x, z in sin(x) * cos(z) })
    .foregroundStyle(Chart3DSurfaceStyle.normalBased)

Surface Roughness

Control surface shininess (0 = reflective, 1 = matte):

SurfacePlot(x: "X", y: "Y", z: "Z", function: { x, z in sin(x) * cos(z) })
    .foregroundStyle(.blue)
    .roughness(0.3)

Interactive Pose Control

Preset Poses

Chart3DPose provides built-in presets for common viewing angles:

.chart3DPose(.default)   // Standard 3/4 angle
.chart3DPose(.front)     // Viewing from front
.chart3DPose(.back)      // Viewing from back
.chart3DPose(.top)       // Top-down view
.chart3DPose(.bottom)    // Bottom-up view
.chart3DPose(.right)     // Right side view
.chart3DPose(.left)      // Left side view

Custom Pose

Specify exact azimuth (horizontal rotation) and inclination (vertical tilt):

.chart3DPose(
    Chart3DPose(azimuth: .degrees(45), inclination: .degrees(30))
)

Anti-Patterns

// ❌ Passing a literal where a binding is needed for interactivity
.chart3DPose(.default) // This is read-only; drag gestures will not work

// ✅ Use a @State binding for interactive rotation
@State private var pose = Chart3DPose.default
// ...
.chart3DPose($pose)

Camera Projection

Control how 3D depth is rendered:

Chart3D {
    SurfacePlot(x: "X", y: "Y", z: "Z", function: { x, z in sin(x) * cos(z) })
        .foregroundStyle(.blue)
}
.chart3DCameraProjection(.perspective)   // Objects farther away appear smaller
// .chart3DCameraProjection(.orthographic)  // No perspective distortion
// .chart3DCameraProjection(.automatic)     // System decides

Multiple Surfaces

Render multiple surfaces in a single chart for comparison:

import SwiftUI
import Charts

struct ComparisonChartView: View {
    @State private var pose = Chart3DPose.default

    var body: some View {
        Chart3D {
            SurfacePlot(
                x: "X",
                y: "Wave A",
                z: "Z",
                function: { x, z in sin(x) * cos(z) }
            )
            .foregroundStyle(.blue.opacity(0.8))

            SurfacePlot(
                x: "X",
                y: "Wave B",
                z: "Z",
                function: { x, z in cos(x) * sin(z) }
            )
            .foregroundStyle(.red.opacity(0.8))
        }
        .chart3DPose($pose)
        .chart3DCameraProjection(.perspective)
    }
}

Complete Example

A full-featured 3D chart with height-based coloring, interactive rotation, and perspective projection:

import SwiftUI
import Charts

struct TerrainView: View {
    @State private var pose = Chart3DPose(
        azimuth: .degrees(30),
        inclination: .degrees(25)
    )

    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Text("Terrain Visualization")
                .font(.headline)

            Chart3D {
                SurfacePlot(
                    x: "Longitude",
                    y: "Elevation",
                    z: "Latitude",
                    function: { x, z in
                        let distance = sqrt(x * x + z * z)
                        return sin(distance) / max(distance, 0.1)
                    }
                )
                .foregroundStyle(
                    Chart3DSurfaceStyle.heightBased(
                        Gradient(colors: [
                            .blue, .cyan, .green, .yellow, .orange, .red
                        ]),
                        yRange: -0.5...1.0
                    )
                )
                .roughness(0.4)
            }
            .chart3DPose($pose)
            .chart3DCameraProjection(.perspective)
        }
        .padding()
    }
}

Chart Design Fundamentals (WWDC22)

These apply to every chart you build — 2D or 3D. The pillars: focused, approachable, accessible.

• Pick marks by goal: bars for patterns, ranges, and individual values; points for spotting outliers; lines for rates of change.
• Test with real, noisy data early — placeholder sine waves hide layout failures. Design the edge cases explicitly (e.g., gaps in a line chart where data is missing).
• ~4 horizontal gridlines is a good baseline; pick intuitive intervals — multiples of 20 for counts, multiples of 7 for day-based axes.
• Descriptive takeaway title ("Total Sales: 1,234 Pancakes"), not a generic label ("Sales") — and give the chart surrounding context.
• Touch targets stretch to full chart height — a tap anywhere in a bar's column selects it, not just the drawn pixels.
• Support touch, keyboard, Voice Control, Switch Control, and VoiceOver equally — every interaction needs a non-pointer path.
• Color enhances, never solely conveys — differentiate series with symbols/shapes first, color second. Verify contrast in Dark, Light, and Increase Contrast, and balance saturation so no series visually outweighs the others.
• Every visual encoding needs a non-visual representation — per-mark VoiceOver labels and an Audio Graph descriptor; Swift Charts provides both by default, so don't break them with custom drawing. Custom-drawn charts implement them by hand — see "Audio Graphs: AXChartDescriptor" below.

Swift Charts Construction Reference (2D)

The design fundamentals above apply to every chart; this is the API layer for standard 2D charts (iOS 16+ unless noted; selection, SectorMark, and scrolling are iOS 17+).

Marks Compose

A Chart is a composition of marks — BarMark, LineMark, PointMark, AreaMark, RuleMark, RectangleMark. The .value("Label", v) factory arguments do double duty: they bind data AND drive the automatic axes and legend, so label them meaningfully:

Chart(salesData) { sale in          // Identifiable data — no explicit ForEach needed
    BarMark(
        x: .value("Day", sale.day, unit: .day),   // unit: .day buckets temporal values per day
        y: .value("Sales", sale.count)
    )
}

• Transpose a chart by swapping the x/y value pairs — horizontal bars need no other change.
• unit: (.day, .month, .hour) controls temporal bucketing; omit it and every timestamp is its own position.

Series: Style + Symbol, Never Color Alone

.foregroundStyle(by:) splits marks into series; pair it with .symbol(by:) so series stay distinguishable without color (WWDC22):

Chart(data) { point in
    LineMark(x: .value("Day", point.day), y: .value("Sales", point.sales))
        .foregroundStyle(by: .value("City", point.city))
        .symbol(by: .value("City", point.city))
}

• Remap series colors with .chartForegroundStyleScale(["Cupertino": .indigo, "San Francisco": .teal]).
• .position(by: .value("City", point.city)) converts stacked bars into grouped bars.

Pin Scales for Stability

Pin scales so a filtered dataset doesn't make the whole chart jump:

.chartYScale(domain: 0...maxExpectedSales)
.chartXScale(domain: startDate...endDate)

Composing Statistics into a Chart

Marks compose freely, so summary statistics are just more marks:

Chart {
    ForEach(data) { point in
        AreaMark(                                    // min–max band
            x: .value("Day", point.day),
            yStart: .value("Min", point.min),
            yEnd: .value("Max", point.max)
        )
        .opacity(0.3)

        LineMark(x: .value("Day", point.day), y: .value("Average", point.average))
    }

    RuleMark(y: .value("Overall", overallAverage))   // overall average line
        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
        .annotation(position: .top, alignment: .leading) {
            Text("Avg: \(overallAverage, format: .number.precision(.fractionLength(0)))")
                .font(.caption)
                .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
        }
}

Axes Are Builders

.chartXAxis {
    AxisMarks(values: .stride(by: .month)) { value in
        AxisGridLine()
        AxisTick()
        AxisValueLabel(format: .dateTime.month(.narrow))
    }
}
.chartYAxis {
    AxisMarks(position: .leading)   // move the value axis to the leading edge
}

• Conditional styling belongs inside the builder — check value.as(Date.self) in the closure to, say, bold only the first month of each quarter.
• .chartXAxis(.hidden) removes an axis entirely; .chartPlotStyle { $0.frame(height: 200).background(.gray.opacity(0.05)).border(.quaternary) } sizes and styles the plot area itself.

Interactivity: Selection First

Prefer the built-in selection binding over hand-rolled overlay gestures (iOS 17):

@State private var selectedDay: Date?

Chart(data) { ... }
    .chartXSelection(value: $selectedDay)

Render the selection as marks — a RuleMark with zIndex(-1) so it draws behind the data, and an annotation that stays inside the plot:

if let selectedDay {
    RuleMark(x: .value("Selected", selectedDay, unit: .day))
        .foregroundStyle(.gray.opacity(0.3))
        .zIndex(-1)
        .annotation(
            position: .top, spacing: 0,
            overflowResolution: .init(x: .fit(to: .chart), y: .disabled)
        ) {
            SelectionDetailCard(day: selectedDay)
        }
}

For fully custom hit-testing, drop to ChartProxy inside .chartOverlay with a GeometryReader: proxy.value(atX:) converts gesture locations to data values, proxy.position(forX:) converts back.

SectorMark: Pies and Donuts (iOS 17+)

Chart(data) { item in
    SectorMark(
        angle: .value("Sales", item.sales),
        innerRadius: .ratio(0.62),     // donut hole
        angularInset: 1.5              // 1.5 per side = 3pt gaps between sectors
    )
    .cornerRadius(4)
    .foregroundStyle(by: .value("Name", item.name))
}
.chartBackground { proxy in
    GeometryReader { geo in            // headline metric in the donut hole
        if let anchor = proxy.plotFrame {
            let frame = geo[anchor]
            Text("Best: \(topSellerName)")
                .position(x: frame.midX, y: frame.midY)
        }
    }
}

Large Datasets: Scroll a Window

Don't cram a year into one screen — show a window and scroll (WWDC23):

Chart(yearOfData) { ... }
    .chartScrollableAxes(.horizontal)
    .chartXVisibleDomain(length: 3600 * 24 * 30)   // 30-day window
    .chartScrollPosition(x: $scrollDate)           // read/write the scroll offset
    .chartScrollTargetBehavior(
        .valueAligned(
            matching: DateComponents(hour: 0),                    // land on day boundaries
            majorAlignment: .matching(DateComponents(day: 1))     // snap paging to month starts
        )
    )

Accessibility Per Mark

Auto-generated VoiceOver descriptions read raw values; per-mark labels beat them:

BarMark(x: .value("Day", sale.day, unit: .day), y: .value("Sales", sale.count))
    .accessibilityLabel(sale.day.formatted(date: .abbreviated, time: .omitted))
    .accessibilityValue("\(sale.count) pancakes sold")

With hundreds or thousands of points, bucket into reasonable intervals and expose one accessibility element per interval rather than per point (WWDC21 10122).

Audio Graphs: AXChartDescriptor (WWDC21 10122)

Audio Graphs let VoiceOver play a data series as a continuous tone — pitch = Y value, time = X position — with an explorer view (rotor → "Audio Graph" → Chart Details) that plays the sonification, scrubs it (double-tap-and-hold; pausing speaks the value at the current position), and shows automatically computed summary statistics. Swift Charts generates a default descriptor; custom-drawn charts conform to AXChart (UIKit) or use the .accessibilityChartDescriptor(_:) modifier with an AXChartDescriptorRepresentable (SwiftUI, iOS 15+):

var accessibilityChartDescriptor: AXChartDescriptor? {
    let xAxis = AXNumericDataAxisDescriptor(
        title: "Cups of coffee",
        range: 0...10,
        gridlinePositions: [],                              // gridlines render as haptics during playback
        valueDescriptionProvider: { "\(Int($0)) cups" })    // "5 cups", never a bare "5"

    let yAxis = AXNumericDataAxisDescriptor(
        title: "Lines of code",
        range: 0...100,
        gridlinePositions: [],
        valueDescriptionProvider: { "\(Int($0)) lines of code" })

    let series = AXDataSeriesDescriptor(
        name: "Productivity",
        isContinuous: true,      // line → one continuous tone; false for bars/points → discrete tones
        dataPoints: model.points.map { AXDataPoint(x: $0.x, y: $0.y) })

    return AXChartDescriptor(
        title: model.title,
        summary: model.summary,  // 1–2 sentence alt text; spoken in the explorer view
        xAxis: xAxis,
        yAxis: yAxis,
        additionalAxes: [],
        series: [series])
}

• Categorical axes use AXCategoricalDataAxisDescriptor; localize and pluralize the valueDescriptionProvider output in production.
• Visual floor for any chart (WWDC21 10122): foreground/background contrast ≥ 4.5:1 (verify with Accessibility Inspector's Color Contrast Calculator); never pair red + green (the most common color blindness) and avoid blue + yellow (the second most common); use symbols in addition to color so series stay distinguishable with no color perception at all.

Top Mistakes

Review Checklist

Imports and Setup

• Both import SwiftUI and import Charts are present
• Deployment target is iOS 26 / macOS 26 or later
• Chart3D wraps all SurfacePlot content

Surface Configuration

• Axis labels (x:, y:, z:) are descriptive and meaningful
• foregroundStyle applied to each SurfacePlot for clear visual distinction
• yRange in .heightBased() matches the actual output range of the function
• roughness value makes sense for the use case (0 = reflective, 1 = matte)

Interactivity

• Pose is a @State binding if drag-to-rotate is intended
• Pose is a constant (non-binding) if rotation should be locked
• Initial pose angle provides a good default view of the data

Camera

• Camera projection set appropriately (.perspective for visual, .orthographic for precision)
• If using .automatic, verified the system choice looks acceptable

Multiple Surfaces

• Each surface has a distinct color or opacity to differentiate
• Axis labels are unique per surface or shared where appropriate

Accessibility

• Contrast ≥ 4.5:1; no red+green or blue+yellow series pairs; symbols supplement color (WWDC21 10122)
• Custom-drawn charts expose an AXChartDescriptor (Audio Graphs) — or keep Swift Charts' default intact
• Large datasets expose one accessibility element per interval, not per point

References

• Swift Charts
• Swift Charts — Chart3D
• Swift Charts — SurfacePlot
• Swift Charts — Chart3DPose
• Swift Charts — Chart3DCameraProjection
• Swift Charts — Chart3DSurfaceStyle