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aspnetcore-api-design

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ASP.NET Core API 设计与实现最佳实践:错误处理(ProblemDetails/RFC 7807)、一致响应、版本化、可观测性与安全。

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ASP.NET Core API 设计

此 skill 聚焦“对外 API 的契约质量”,让接口具备:

  • 一致的错误模型(ProblemDetails / RFC 7807)
  • 可测试(集成测试友好)
  • 可观测(traceId/correlationId)
  • 可演进(版本化、向后兼容)

何时使用此 Skill

  • 新增/重构 ASP.NET Core Minimal APIs 或 Controllers API
  • 统一异常处理、状态码页(4xx/5xx)与错误响应体
  • 设计 API 版本化、OpenAPI/Swagger 文档与响应约定
  • 设计认证授权策略(JWT / OIDC / Entra ID 等)

关键最佳实践(含权威依据)

1) 统一错误响应:ProblemDetails

  • 推荐使用 AddProblemDetails() + UseExceptionHandler() + UseStatusCodePages() 生成标准化 ProblemDetails。
  • 生产环境不要回传敏感错误信息。

参考(Microsoft Learn):

  • Handle errors in ASP.NET Core APIs(ProblemDetails / UseExceptionHandler 示例)
  • Handle errors in ASP.NET Core(ProblemDetails service、IProblemDetailsService)

2) 少用异常做控制流

异常应该是“非常规/不可预期”的分支;热路径避免 throw/catch。

参考:ASP.NET Core Best Practices(Minimize exceptions)。

3) 契约优先

  • 对外 DTO 与内部领域对象隔离(DTO ≠ Entity)
  • OpenAPI 文档与响应类型(包含错误响应)同步维护

4) 高性能 I/O 与 负载优化

  • 分页是标配:返回集合时始终使用分页(PageSize/PageIndex),对于大列表优先使用 IAsyncEnumerable<T> 进行流式返回。
  • 异步读取 Body:始终使用 ReadFormAsync 替代 Request.Form;对 Request Stream 使用异步 API。
  • 响应优化:生产环境建议开启响应压缩(Response Compression)并对前端资源进行合并与压缩(Bundling & Minification)。
  • HttpClient 复用:必须通过 IHttpClientFactory 管理连接池。

常见模式

  • 输入验证:在应用层验证 DTO,返回 400 + ProblemDetails
  • 全局异常处理:异常 → 500 + ProblemDetails(必要时映射业务异常为 4xx)
  • 一致响应头:traceId/correlationId 贯穿日志与错误响应

常见反模式

  • 每个 Controller/Endpoint 自己 try/catch 拼接错误 JSON
  • 错误码散落,且同一业务错误不同 endpoint 返回不同格式
  • 返回 BadRequest() 但没有 body,前端无法精确展示

使用示例(提示语模板)

  • “为该 API 增加全局异常处理与 ProblemDetails(Minimal API 方案),并保证 404/400 也有一致的 ProblemDetails body。”
  • “为某业务异常映射到 409/422,并保持 ProblemDetails 的 type/title/detail 语义一致。”