devpsych-theory-and-hypotheses

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Use when stating the developmental theory and age-graded hypotheses for a Developmental Psychology (APA) manuscript. The journal rewards hypotheses that are explicitly about change (age effects, within-person trajectories, mechanisms) and a clean confirmatory/exploratory split under JARS. Structures the argument; it does not run analyses.

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Developmental Theory & Hypotheses (devpsych-theory-and-hypotheses)

Developmental Psychology rewards a theory of change and age-graded, directional hypotheses. Because the journal asks for a credible developmental claim and applies JARS reporting, the cardinal rule is: state the developmental mechanism and the predicted form of change before the data, and label exploratory analyses as exploratory.

When to trigger

Writing the theoretical framing and hypotheses
Preparing a preregistration / pre-analysis plan for a developmental study
Reconciling what you predicted about change with what the trajectories show
A reviewer flagged the work as "atheoretical," "not developmental," "post hoc," or "HARKed"

Build the developmental argument

State the mechanism of change. What developmental process (maturation, learning, transactional parent–child dynamics, scaffolding, cumulative risk) predicts the effect, and why it changes with age.
Specify the form of the developmental hypothesis. Be explicit about which of these you predict: an age main effect, an age × condition interaction, a growth-curve shape (slope sign, acceleration), a within-person change, or a moderated trajectory.
Derive directional predictions. Give a sign and, where possible, a magnitude/effect-size expectation — not "age will be related to X."
Mark hypothesis status. Separate confirmatory (preregistered, predicted) from exploratory (generated after seeing data) analyses, clearly, per JARS.
State what would disconfirm the developmental account — e.g., a flat trajectory, a reversed age slope, or invariance failure that means the construct is not the same across ages.

Age-graded hypothesis forms (name yours)

Hypothesis form	What it claims	Typical test
Age main effect	level differs by age	age as predictor (cross-sectional or wave)
Age × condition	manipulation effect differs by age	interaction term
Growth shape	within-person slope/curvature	latent growth / multilevel
Sensitive period	effect concentrated in an age window	nonlinear / spline age terms
Transactional	child→parent and parent→child over time	cross-lagged / RI-CLPM

Worked micro-example — theory to hypothesis status (illustrative)

A longitudinal effortful-control package, written so the developmental claim and status are legible.

Mechanism: Sensitive, contingent parenting scaffolds the maturation of
           effortful control; the scaffolding payoff grows across early childhood.
H1 (confirmatory, preregistered): Effortful control shows positive
           within-person growth from age 4 to 8 (latent slope > 0).
H2 (confirmatory): Maternal scaffolding at wave 1 predicts a steeper slope
           (scaffolding × time interaction, directional).
H3 (exploratory): Bidirectional child→parent effects across waves
           (RI-CLPM) — labeled exploratory; preregister for a future sample.
Disconfirming: a flat/negative latent slope, or measurement non-invariance
           across ages (the construct is not the same thing being "grown").

Avoiding HARKing in developmental work

Do not present an unexpected age interaction or a trajectory shape you discovered post hoc as if it had been predicted. If you found it after seeing the data, say so and frame it for confirmation.
Constraints on generality matter here: name the ages, populations, and cohort/era to which the developmental claim is meant to apply, rather than implying it holds at every age and place.

Theory-stage reviewer pushback and the venue fix

Reviewer pushback	Developmental Psychology fix
"Atheoretical / mechanism unclear"	state the developmental mechanism and why it changes with age in one or two sentences
"This is not developmental"	recast the hypothesis as change (slope/interaction/within-person), not a single-age correlation
"Looks HARKed"	show the preregistration; relabel post hoc trajectory shapes exploratory
"Claim outruns the design"	scale H1 to what the ages/waves can support; add a constraints-on-generality clause

Anti-patterns

Hypotheses about a relationship "in children/older adults" with no change component
Non-directional "age will be associated with X" predictions
Blurring confirmatory and exploratory analyses (JARS expects the split)
Ignoring that an effect could be cohort, not age, and theorizing as if it were maturation
No statement of what trajectory or interaction would disconfirm the account

Output format

【Mechanism of change】the developmental process, briefly
【Developmental hypothesis form】age effect / age×condition / growth shape / within-person / moderated
【Hypotheses】directional, testable (H1, H2, …)
【Status】confirmatory (preregistered) vs exploratory
【Disconfirming evidence】trajectory/interaction/invariance result that counts against it
【Next】devpsych-literature-positioning

Supplementary resources

../../resources/external_tools.md — preregistration templates and developmental-theory references
../../resources/official-source-map.md — JARS reporting standards and scope